Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Which of the following statements best reflects the current view regarding the
role of leptin in hunger regulation?
a. | The presence of leptin in the bloodstream tends to increase feelings of
hunger. | b. | Leptin levels apparently regulate the hunger centers located in the
stomach. | c. | When leptin levels are high, the propensity to feel hungry
diminishes. | d. | An excessive amount of leptin in the brain has been associated with obesity in
rats. |
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2.
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Leptin apparently activates receptors in the brain that inhibit the release of
____, thus resulting in an inhibitory effect on eating.
a. | insulin | b. | glucostats | c. | serotonin | d. | neuropeptide Y |
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3.
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Many experts prefer to access obesity in terms of
a. | Body Mass Index | b. | kilograms | c. | kilograms divided by
height | d. | height divided by weight |
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4.
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Recent surveys indicate that the incidence of obesity in the United States
has
a. | increased | b. | decreased | c. | remained
constant | d. | virtually disappeared |
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5.
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Set-point theorists propose that people's set point depends on
a. | their bone structure | b. | their activity level | c. | the number of fat
cells they possess | d. | their current body
weight |
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6.
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Recent research into the biological roots of homosexuality has focused on
a. | the organizing effects of prenatal hormones on neurological
development | b. | the anatomical differences in the brain between homosexual and heterosexual
men | c. | the genetic differences between homosexual men who are identical
twins | d. | hormone level differences between gay and straight
men |
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7.
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A person high in achievement motivation would be expected to show all but which
of the following characteristics?
a. | greater persistence on tasks | b. | tendency to seek immediate
gratification | c. | tendency to choose competitive occupations | d. | tendency to choose
tasks of intermediate difficulty |
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8.
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Paola is about to give a speech in front of a roomful of strangers. As he steps
up to the podium he feels anxious and nervous. This reaction is part of the
a. | physiological component in Paola's emotional experience | b. | behavioral component
in Paola's emotional experience | c. | objective component in Paola's emotional
experience | d. | cognitive component in Paola's emotional
experience |
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9.
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Research results have indicated considerable cross-cultural agreement in the
identification of all but which of the following emotional expressions?
a. | fear | b. | sadness | c. | suspicion | d. | happiness |
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10.
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Cross-cultural similarities exist in all but which of the following?
a. | the categorization of different emotions | b. | identification of
basic emotions from facial expressions | c. | the types of events that trigger specific
emotions | d. | the physiological arousal that accompanies emotion |
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11.
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The Cannon-Bard theory of emotions focuses on the ____ determinants of
emotions.
a. | psychological | b. | behavioral | c. | cognitive | d. | neural |
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12.
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Schachter's concept of emotion stresses that
a. | thoughts precede felt emotion | b. | both bodily arousal and our interpretation of
the arousal play a role in emotion | c. | we can have emotions without bodily
arousal | d. | different emotions must be based on different patterns of
arousal |
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13.
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According to evolutionary theories of emotion,
a. | the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive
interpretation of that arousal | b. | different patterns of autonomic activation lead
to the experience of different emotions | c. | emotions occur when the thalamus sends signals
simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system | d. | emotions developed
because of their adaptive value |
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14.
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Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following
explanations best represents evolutionary theories of emotion?
a. | "I'm shaking because I'm afraid." | b. | "I'm
afraid because I'm shaking." | c. | "My shaking must be due to fear, since my
house is on fire." | d. | "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction
to a dangerous situation." |
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15.
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The prenatal period refers to
a. | the period from conception to implantation | b. | the nine months
before birth | c. | the period of time immediately after birth | d. | the time period
before conception takes place |
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16.
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A ____ implants itself into the uterine wall and becomes ____.
a. | fetus; a zygote | b. | sperm; an egg | c. | zygote; an
embryo | d. | embryo; a fetus |
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17.
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Severe maternal malnutrition increases the risk of
a. | heart defects and irritability | b. | birth complications and neurological
defects | c. | mental retardation | d. | delayed motor and mental
development |
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18.
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If a baby is born with a small head, heart defects, and retarded mental and
motor development, the mother is most likely to have
a. | had smallpox early in her pregnancy | b. | been an alcoholic | c. | continued to work
during pregnancy | d. | smoked during pregnancy |
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19.
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Ruby is an active infant who appears to be somewhat high-strung, and who
protests loudly every time her parents try to change her routine in any way. Using the temperament
categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Ruby would most likely be considered to have
a. | an easy temperament | b. | a slow-to-warm-up
temperament | c. | a difficult temperament | d. | an uninhibited
temperament |
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20.
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According to Kagan and colleagues, infants who approach unfamiliar people,
objects and events with little hesitation are said to exhibit
a. | an uninhibited temperament | b. | a slow-to-warm-up
temperament | c. | mixed temperaments | d. | inhibited
temperament |
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21.
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According to Belsky, if the local environment is relatively safe and rich in
resources, then individuals are more likely to form ____ attachments as children, and as adults they
will be more likely to pursue a reproductive strategy that fosters ____ in mating
relationships.
a. | secure; quality | b. | secure; quantity | c. | insecure;
quality | d. | insecure; quantity |
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22.
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A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of
psychosocial development will acquire
a. | an ability to initiate one's own activities | b. | self-sufficiency | c. | a sense of competence | d. | optimism and trust
toward the world |
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23.
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During the third stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory the
psychosocial crisis involves a struggle between
a. | industry and inferiority | b. | autonomy and shame | c. | initiative and
guilt | d. | trust and mistrust |
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24.
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Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. Which of the following is
NOT one of his stages?
a. | sensorimotor | b. | postoperational | c. | preoperational | d. | formal
operational |
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25.
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A child who knows how to tie shoelaces would probably find it relatively easy to
learn how to tie a bow. Piaget would call this thinking process
a. | accommodation | b. | assimilation | c. | operationalization | d. | maturation |
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26.
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Four-year-old Melanie is exploring one day, and she finds a bottle of vitamins
in a cupboard. They look just like some of the candies she got for Halloween, so she eats them all.
Melanie's error illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as
a. | accommodation | b. | object permanence | c. | assimilation | d. | centration |
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27.
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Water is poured from a short, broad beaker into a tall, skinny beaker. Is there
more or less water now? A child answers that it's the same amount, only it's taller. The
child is in which stage of cognitive development?
a. | sensorimotor | b. | concrete operational | c. | preoperational | d. | preconventional |
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28.
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Finding and making commitments to society and future generations mark
Erikson's stage of
a. | integrity versus despair | b. | identity versus role
confusion | c. | intimacy versus isolation | d. | generativity versus
self-absorption |
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29.
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Roughly 70% of all cases of dementia result from
a. | Alzheimer's disease | b. | Parkinson's disease | c. | strokes and cerebral
hemorrhages | d. | neuronal loss that is part of the normal aging
process |
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30.
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Which of the following developmental theorists is NOT a stage theorist?
a. | Jean Piaget | b. | Erik Erickson | c. | Lev
Vygotsky | d. | Lawrence Kolhberg |
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31.
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A nine-year-old child would be likely to be in the ____ stage of development
according to Piaget, and the ____ stage of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg.
a. | preoperational; preconventional | b. | concrete operations;
preconventional | c. | concrete operations; conventional | d. | sensorimotor;
postconventional |
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32.
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A child in the early sensorimotor period is shown a ball, which she watches
intensely. The ball is then hidden under a pillow. What will the child do?
a. | ask, "Where is the pillow?" | b. | stare at the pillow but not pick it
up | c. | move the pillow and pick up the ball | d. | ignore the pillow, as if the ball didn't
exist |
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33.
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An individual's unique constellation of consistent
behavioral traits is known as
a. | collectivism | b. | individualism | c. | personality | d. | an
archetype |
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34.
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____ is a statistical procedure used by researchers to
identify closely related clusters of variables.
a. | Chi-square | b. | Factor
analysis | c. | Deviation analysis | d. | Analysis of variance |
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35.
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According to the five-factor model of personality, people
who score high in ____ are characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and
assertive.
a. | neuroticism | b. | extraversion | c. | conscientiousness | d. | openness to
experience |
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36.
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According to the five-factor model of personality, people
who score high in ____ are characterized as anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure and
vulnerable.
a. | neuroticism | b. | extraversion | c. | conscientiousness | d. | openness to
experience |
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37.
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Nikolas is a non-conformist who is daring and likes to try
new things. He is extremely imaginative and has a wide range of interests. Based on the five factor
model of personality, Nikolas would probably score
a. | high in openness | b. | low in neuroticism | c. | high in
extraversion | d. | high in
agreeableness |
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38.
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According to the five-factor model of personality, people
who score high in ____ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.
a. | neuroticism | b. | extraversion | c. | conscientiousness | d. | agreeableness |
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39.
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Which of the big-five personality traits is most associated
with higher college grade point averages?
a. | neuroticism | b. | extraversion | c. | conscientiousness | d. | agreeableness |
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40.
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Sigmund Freud's method for treating disorders is
called
a. | systematic desensitization | b. | client-centered therapy | c. | psychoanalysis | d. | primal-scream
therapy |
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41.
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Id is to pleasure principle as
a. | superego is to desire | b. | superego is to repetition principle | c. | ego is to executive principle | d. | ego is to reality
principle |
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42.
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According to Freud, the ____ is "like a man on
horseback who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse."
a. | ego | b. | id | c. | superego | d. | alter
ego |
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43.
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Ego is to reality principle as
a. | superego is to desire | b. | superego is to moral compass | c. | id is to executive
principle | d. | id is to moral compass |
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44.
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Howard sets extremely high standards for both himself and
others. He tends to be rigid and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Freud would
probably conclude that Howard is dominated by
a. | his superego | b. | his id | c. | his
ego | d. | penis envy |
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45.
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The order of the stages in psychosexual development
is
a. | anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency | b. | oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital | c. | oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital | d. | anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic |
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46.
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In Jung's theory, emotionally charged images and
thought forms that have universal meaning are called
a. | archetypes | b. | prototypes | c. | mandalas | d. | central
memories |
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47.
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According to Alfred Adler, overcompensation may be found in
those who
a. | have a superiority complex | b. | have an inferiority complex | c. | are fixated at one of the
psychosexual stages | d. | have not been successful in
the use of defense mechanisms |
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48.
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Which of the following is a common criticism of
psychodynamic theories of personality?
a. | lack of testability | b. | sex bias against men | c. | a reliance on the use of
clinical experiments | d. | under-emphasis on the
importance of early childhood experiences |
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49.
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Psychology Meta professor argues that personality is a
collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations. Whose theory of
personality is she presenting?
a. | Carol Rogers | b. | John Watson | c. | B. F.
Skinner | d. | Albert Bandura |
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50.
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Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is
best summarized as
a. | "The environment continually shapes
us." | b. | "Humans continually shape the
environment." | c. | "Environments shape
humans and humans shape environments." | d. | "Each person's
world is his or her own." |
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51.
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Social cognitive theory differs from Skinner's approach
in giving more weight to
a. | secondary reinforcers | b. | respondent conditioning | c. | cognitive
processes | d. | genetic factors |
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52.
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The occurrence of so-called copycat crimes where someone
hijacks an airliner after seeing a movie about a hijacking provides anecdotal evidence
for
a. | Bandura's social cognitive theory | b. | Skinner's operant conditioning theory | c. | Freud's psychoanalytic theory | d. | Adler's individual psychology |
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53.
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In explaining a person's aggressiveness, a social
cognitive theorist would favor which of the following explanations?
a. | an inferiority complex | b. | unconscious forces | c. | observational
learning | d. | unresolved conflicts |
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54.
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The belief that one has the ability to perform behaviors
that should lead to expected outcomes is referred to as
a. | self-efficacy | b. | self-monitoring | c. | self-control | d. | self-justification |
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55.
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Bandura is to person as Mischel is to
a. | overt behavior | b. | situation | c. | reciprocal
determinism | d. | self-efficacy |
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56.
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Wanda is very quiet around people in authority, but she can
be loud and boisterous among her peers. Which of the following theorists would explain the difference
in Wanda's behavior in terms of situational factors?
a. | Carl Rogers | b. | Walter
Mischel | c. | Alfred Adler | d. | Sigmund Freud |
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57.
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Which of the following approaches to personality is most
firmly rooted in empirical research?
a. | behavioral approach | b. | psychoanalytic approach | c. | humanistic
approach | d. | cognitive approach |
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58.
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Which of the following approaches to personality is most
likely to be criticized for an overdependence on animal research?
a. | psychoanalytic approach | b. | behavioral approach | c. | cognitive
approach | d. | humanistic approach |
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59.
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Which of the following statements is least likely to be made
by a humanist?
a. | People are rational. | b. | People are dominated by unconscious conflicts. | c. | People can rise above their animal heritage. | d. | People are unique. |
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60.
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The collection of beliefs about one's own nature,
unique qualities, and typical behavior is referred to as one's ____, according to
Rogers.
a. | self-concept | b. | phenomenology | c. | state of
incongruence | d. | level of
self-actualization |
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61.
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According to Rogers, for a child to develop a healthy
personality, the parents must
a. | avoid the use of punishment | b. | address the child's ego needs | c. | exhibit unconditional love toward the child | d. | create an atmosphere of intellectual stimulation |
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62.
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According to Carl Rogers, when parents make their affection
unconditional and show acceptance of their children's behavior, they are promoting
a. | the resolution of the Oedipal conflict | b. | congruence between their children's self concept and their actual
experiences | c. | observational learning and
identification | d. | incongruence between their
children's self concept and their actual experiences |
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63.
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Abraham Maslow called the need to fulfill one's
potential the need for
a. | affiliation | b. | achievement | c. | self-actualization | d. | power |
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64.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the main
weaknesses in biological approaches to personality?
a. | conceptual problems with heritability
estimates | b. | an overly optimistic view of human
nature | c. | the difficulty of separating the effects of nature and
nurture | d. | the lack of a comprehensive
theory |
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65.
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In comparison to Eysenck's theory of personality,
evolutionary theory
a. | is more limited in scope | b. | has greater empirical support | c. | is more popular among
behaviorists | d. | is less applicable to
behavior across cultures |
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66.
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Terror management theory would predict that all of the
following would occur in the United States after the terrorist attacks on 9/11
EXCEPT
a. | expressions of patriotism would become
elevated | b. | religious faith would increase
dramatically | c. | people would become less
tolerant of those who were different | d. | prejudice would
decrease |
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67.
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You have just taken a test that involved answering pages of
questions about your characteristic behavior. You probably responded to
a. | a projective test | b. | an intelligence test | c. | a self-report personality
inventory | d. | an achievement test |
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68.
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In order to identify clusters of closely related personality
traits and the factors underlying them, Raymond Cattell used
a. | multifactorial averaging | b. | an analysis of variance | c. | factor
analysis | d. | the normal distribution |
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69.
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A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an
ambiguous stimulus such as a picture or an inkblot is called a
a. | self-report personality inventory | b. | projective test | c. | behavior
rating | d. | deceptive test |
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Short Answer
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70.
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Briefly explain the parental investment theory and describe the research
findings on human gender differences in sexual activity.
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71.
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Briefly describe the major developmental processes that occur during the three
periods of prenatal development.
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72.
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What is meant by the term "age of viability" and when does it occur in
human development?
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73.
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Summarize the impact of environmental factors on prenatal development and
describe the importance of prenatal health care.
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74.
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Describe the physical changes and cognitive changes associated with aging and
the evidence on Alzheimer's disease.
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75.
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List and describe the three components into which Freud
divided the personality, and indicate how these are distributed across three levels of
awareness.
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76.
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Briefly describe the strengths and weaknesses of the
humanistic approach to personality.
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77.
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Briefly describe the two types of personality tests and
describe the four principal uses of personality tests.
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Essay
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78.
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On first learning about the different theoretical
perspectives on personality, many people like the views of the humanistic theorists best. Why do you
think this is? Are these reasons sound, scientific criteria for evaluating a theoretical perspective
on personality?
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