Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the
statement or answers the question.
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1.
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When the word "jar" is changed to the word "jars," the
number of
a. | phonemes and morphemes are both increased | b. | phonemes stays the
same, but the number of morphemes is increased | c. | phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes
stays the same | d. | phonemes decreases, but the number of morphemes
increases |
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2.
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Which of the following statements is least accurate?
a. | Infants' first words resemble the syllables they babble
spontaneously. | b. | The sounds babbled by babies from different cultures are different right from the
start. | c. | Infants' first words are likely to consist of sounds that are easy to
produce. | d. | Infants' first words are similar, even in different
languages. |
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3.
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The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to
a. | ignore common stereotypes when estimating probabilities | b. | ignore subjective
probabilities when making decisions | c. | estimate the probability of an event based on
how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event | d. | estimate the
probability of an event by judging the ease with which relevant instances come to
mind |
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4.
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The availability heuristic implies that people will ____ the frequency of events
that are easy to remember and ____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.
a. | overestimate; underestimate | b. | underestimate; overestimate | c. | underestimate;
underestimate | d. | overestimate; overestimate |
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5.
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The linguistic relativity hypothesis predicts that
a. | language development should consistently lag behind cognitive
development | b. | people in all cultures should think alike, despite their language
differences | c. | people should have difficulty thinking about things they cannot describe in
words | d. | language and thought should develop independently |
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6.
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According to the interactionist theories of language acquisition,
a. | language acquisition is tied to children's progress in
thinking | b. | children possess a built-in language acquisition device | c. | children learn
language through imitation, reinforcement, and shaping | d. | neural circuits supporting language emerge
gradually in response to language learning experiences. |
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7.
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The English language uses
a. | approximately 450,000 phonemes, one for each word | b. | 26 phonemes, one for
each letter of the alphabet | c. | about 40 phonemes, corresponding to the letters
of the alphabet plus several variations | d. | all of the 100 or so phonemes that humans are
capable of producing |
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8.
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When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events
generate a great deal of media coverage, they are using
a. | the representativeness heuristic | b. | a holistic decision model | c. | the availability
heuristic | d. | the elimination by aspects strategy |
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9.
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After seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house
wearing horn-rimmed glasses on a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she
must be a librarian. Your judgment is based on
a. | the availability heuristic | b. | the representativeness
heuristic | c. | subjective probability | d. | subjective
utility |
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10.
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Marie received a puzzle as a present for her birthday. The puzzle has three
pegs, and to solve the puzzle a person is required to move nine disks from the center peg to one of
the outside pegs. However, only one disk can be moved at a time, and a larger disk can never be
placed on top of a smaller disk. Marie's puzzle is an example of
a. | a problem of inducing structure | b. | a problem of arrangement | c. | an ill-defined
problem | d. | a problem of transformation |
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11.
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Kimba is trying to decide to which graduate schools she will apply. She has
decided not to apply to any university located in a city with a population greater than 500,000
people, and she does not plan to apply to any university more than 500 miles from the city where her
parents live. The decision strategy that Kimba is using is referred to as
a. | a purely additive decision strategy | b. | elimination by aspects | c. | a weighted decision
strategy | d. | the availability heuristic |
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12.
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Functional fixedness refers to
a. | focusing on information that is irrelevant to the solution of the
problem | b. | arriving at a particularly insightful solution to a problem | c. | not seeing a new
function for a familiar object | d. | continued use of problem solving strategies
that have worked in the past |
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13.
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All of the following theorists EXCEPT ____ encouraged the study of
cognitive activity which helped lead to the cognitive revolution in the 1950s.
a. | Noam Chomsky | b. | Allen Newell | c. | Herbert
Simon | d. | B. F. Skinner |
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14.
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If you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after
time, you are evidencing
a. | a delusion | b. | a mental set | c. | an
illusion | d. | a generic insight |
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15.
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances
come to mind is called the
a. | representativeness heuristic | b. | conjunction fallacy | c. | availability
heuristic | d. | law of small numbers |
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16.
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A methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in
searching for a solution to a problem is
a. | an algorithm | b. | a mental set | c. | a
heuristic | d. | a syllogism |
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17.
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The sudden "a ha!' feeling when you suddenly discover the correct
solution to a problem is called
a. | rearrangement | b. | functional fixedness | c. | transformation | d. | insight |
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18.
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When solving problems containing numerical information
a. | it is a good idea to start by trying to figure out how to use the numerical
information | b. | insight will typically produce the fastest, most accurate solution to the
problem | c. | you should start by figuring out which information is relevant to the
problem | d. | it is safe to assume that all of the information will be needed to solve the
problem |
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19.
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A mental "rule of thumb" for problem solving is referred to as
a. | a heuristic | b. | a syllogism | c. | an
algorithm | d. | a mental set |
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20.
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Marc loves to solve anagrams, and spends a great deal of time working through
books of anagrams. It appears that Marc enjoys problems that require
a. | transformation | b. | inducing structure | c. | arrangement | d. | analogical
reasoning |
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21.
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In general, toddlers can
a. | use more "action" words than "object" words | b. | say more words than
they understand | c. | understand more words than they can say | d. | understand and say
about the same number of words |
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22.
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In which case would working backward to solve a problem be an effective
strategy?
a. | when it is necessary to change the representation of a problem | b. | when a problem has
multiphasic branch points | c. | when a problem has a well-defined
endpoint | d. | when a problem is unsolvable by heuristics |
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23.
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Sean was stranded in the desert after his plane crashed. He has the best chances
for survival under these circumstances if his cognitive style is
a. | based on algorithms | b. | risk-averse | c. | field
independent | d. | field dependent |
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24.
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The sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based
primarily on trial and error is called
a. | rearrangement | b. | insight | c. | transformation | d. | functional
fixedness |
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25.
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You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, and so you
decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on
a. | subjective utility | b. | the availability heuristic | c. | the
representativeness heuristic | d. | expected value |
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Short Answer
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26.
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Compare and contrast the behaviorist, nativist, and
interactionist perspectives on language acquisition.
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Essay
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27.
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What special opportunities or problems were connected with
bilingualism? What advantages are there for bilingual children? Based on what you have learned about
cognition and language, what do you think, when should second language learning be begun in US
schools? Why?
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